Each question under this should be answered in a short-essay format. The very last question should be answered in two to three paragraphs (cumulative essay). You may do them single spaced to fit the pages. Thank you.

1. Briefly explain the intermediate variables (a.k.a. proximate determinants) model of fertility regulation.Describe the three major categories, and identify at least one of the most important variables historically or currently from each.
2. The coronavirus pandemic has disrupted demographic processes around the world this year. The United States has been hit the hardest. Describe the effects of the pandemic and COVID-19 on mortality, fertility, and migration in the United States this year.(Bear in mind that the situation is ongoing and evolving, so some of these effects are not known or clear yet. What do you predict will happen in this case?)
3. Describe the components and timing of the fertility transition that occurred as part of the historical demographic transition. What social and cultural factors explain the decline in fertility historically?
4.Describe the four waves of immigration into the United States. For each wave, discuss the push and pull
factors in migration; list the predominant countries of origin; and describe the predominant immigration
policies.
5.Undocumented migration into the United States has received a great deal of media and political attention in recent years. Drawing on relevant migration theories discussed in class and readings, outline an immigration policy that addresses three of the immigration issues discussed in class and listed above, and briefly discuss the potential consequences (both positive and negative) of your proposals.

Cumulative Essay:
Speculate on the consequences of these changes in the age/sex structure and population processes over the next 25 years for at least two of the following social institutions in CANADA: family, economy (including labor force), education, military, medicine, politics, and environment. What should be done to prevent these problems or ameliorate them if they occur?